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This series presents information based in part on theory and conjecture.

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The producer's purpose is to suggest some possible explanations, but not necessarily

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the only ones to the mysteries we will examine.

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April 10, 1912.

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For RMS Titanic, it was her maiden voyage and her last.

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Just four days later, the ship everyone thought was unsinkable, sailed at full speed into

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the perilous waters of the North Atlantic.

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An iceberg loomed up out of the dark, slicing a huge gash down her side.

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She took two and a half hours to sink.

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And the icy waters 1,503 people died.

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Less than half that number were saved.

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Why did so many drown?

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Was the captain to blame?

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Or was this the world's most notorious maritime disaster, a tragedy predestined in time?

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The precise point in the North Atlantic where the Titanic went down has never been satisfactorily located.

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On board were said to be hordes of treasure, some of it too valuable to be recorded on

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the ship's manifest.

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Gold bullion to pay for first world war armaments.

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A jeweled copy of the Rubaiat by Omar Kayam.

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The personal belongings of no fewer than 57 millionaires who had chosen to sail on her.

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The upper decks of the Titanic said a commentator had a smell all of their own.

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A smell of perfume and of champagne and of wealth.

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12,000 feet beneath the forbidding sea, she is a prize and a challenge that many men have

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dreamed of recovering.

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Yet her whereabouts remain unknown.

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In 1981 the Texas oil millionaire Jack Grimm went searching for her for the second year

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running.

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The search ship carried on board the most modern equipment that science could provide.

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Sonar detectors.

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Underwater cameras capable of operating in spectacular detail at depths no previous expedition

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had ever ventured.

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Her so large a vessel to vanish without trace is just one of the puzzles that have fascinated

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naval historians ever since her faded voyage.

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She was thought by the world at large to be unsinkable.

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The flagship of the white star line, she was the largest luxury liner ever built.

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She was the technological masterpiece of her time.

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As no expense was spared on her hull, her fittings were of surpassing luxury.

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First class passengers could enjoy cabins with ornate carvings and plush furnishings.

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A lavish menu.

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Silk sheets adorned some bins.

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A maids room adjoined each suite.

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Nothing was too good.

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Only a few pitiful human reminders were salvaged from the wreckage.

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The discharge book of the look out seaman who spotted the fateful iceberg too late.

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The life vest that carried Mrs. John Jacob Astor, the wife of one of the millionaires,

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to safety.

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Her husband, like most men, chose to stay on board and die like a gentleman.

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A champagne cork from an early evening celebration.

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A deck chair washed into the icy waters and picked up by one of the rescue ships.

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The handkerchief of one of the survivors.

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A strangely unlucky sequence of events put the Titanic on course for disaster.

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The captain knew that there was ice in the area and steered eight miles further south

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than planned in order to miss it.

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The lights on the four deck were dimmed to give the look outs a better view.

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The night was eerily calm.

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Well, the first thing you usually see of an iceberg is the glint from the crystallized

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surface.

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And you see it as long before you see the actual berg itself.

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You see a kind of glow.

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On this occasion, probably, the iceberg had just fallen over so that it wasn't showing

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a crystallized side.

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It was showing a side that had been under the water for a long time, was totally dark.

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So there was no swell, no sea, no ripples around the berg.

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Nothing to see at all.

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Just a dark shadow on the water.

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Immediately three warning bells were rung.

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A huge ship was steered hard to port in a desperate attempt to miss the berg.

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Lewis Gorman of the Titanic Historical Society explains what happened next.

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A spur of the iceberg, and as most people know, an iceberg is more below the water than

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above.

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And the spur ripped the ship below the waterline, approximately from the bow to number one

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and below number one funnel, opening up these compartments in this area.

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Now the watertight compartments in the ship are vertical.

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And what happened is that the forward compartments were opened.

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As they filled with water, the law of physics took over here and the weight distribution

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changed and the ship began to tilt.

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If the ship had the berg head on, she would not have sunk.

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She would have absorbed it in maybe the first two compartments and she would have maintained

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her floatability.

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However, this did not happen and the spur of the iceberg acted as a big razor blade opening

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up the compartments.

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As this happened, they did not realize, of course, the passengers, the extent of the

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damage.

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It was such a large and well-built ship that it felt just like a jar.

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Eyewitnesses account tell us that many people didn't realize it.

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It was only as the ship began to settle, as things began to slide, as water in the glasses

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began to slant, that you realized that there was something with a miss.

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One of the few survivors of the tragedy alive today was seven years old at the time, traveling

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on the Titanic with her mother and father.

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Eva Hart has a vivid memory of that night.

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The greatest tragedy about the Titanic is the fact that she hadn't enough lifeboats.

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If she'd had enough lifeboats, no one would have died.

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And so it was just a question of the people who were on deck first, people who were there

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in plenty of time, got a seat in a lifeboat, their lives were saved, and because my mother

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was wide awake and fully dressed, we were up on deck right away.

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My mother said it was such a little bump that it reminded her of a train pulling up.

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You see, we were on the port side of the ship, and this tremendous gas was on the starboard

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side of the ship, and it certainly wasn't enough to wait for me.

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My father went up on deck as she made him go, and he came back and he came back and said

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to her, you'd better put on this very thick coat of mine, and I put on another one, which

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he did.

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He put this thick coat on her and he put another coat on himself, and he picked me up out of

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my bed and wrapped a blanket around me and carried me up onto the deck.

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And people were milling about up there.

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My father said to my mother, now stand here by this lifeboat, and whatever anyone may

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say to you, don't move.

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And we stood there and gradually people came flinging onto the deck and seemed to be people

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rushing about, and to my recollection a tremendous amount of noise.

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And he did come back and say no, they weren't going to launch the boats.

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And then he went away again and came back and said, yes they are going to launch the

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boats, but it's only a quick course.

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One of the officers tells me, you'll probably be back on board for breakfast.

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And anyway, they launched the boats and my father put my mother and I in.

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He helped other women and children and he made no attempts to get in himself.

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We fortunate people who were on deck in time, say the apples had two and a half hours in

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which to wait to die, knowing that there was no means of saving.

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Well quite the most terrifying thing that I think, the thing that I can't even dare

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to think about now, is the sound of people drowning.

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When they finally were all in the water, the ship went under the water, all of which we

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saw and I was wide awake.

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The terrible sound of people drowning, nothing could describe it.

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Fifteen hundred and three people falling into icy water and screaming and drowning and

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the noise of hissing steam.

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That was very prevalent.

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And one day when I was older, I was saying something about it to my mother and I said,

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oh that terrible noise.

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And she said to me, yes, and the terrible silence that followed it.

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And it hit me then I realized that it did, it seemed as if everything in the world stood

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still after that moment.

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Finally the full and terrible extent of the tragedy became known.

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While mourners grieved, newspapers started asking questions.

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Who was to blame?

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Why were there so few survivors?

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The hunt for escape goat began.

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The world was stunned by the tragedy of the Titanic and ever since writers have tried

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to piece together the causes of the disaster.

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The morning quarry headed by Lord Mersey, vital questions were asked one by one.

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I understand the Titanic was engaged in a race to beat the speed record across the Atlantic.

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Is this true?

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She was not as some people surmised trying to break the speed record for the North Atlantic,

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she was not that fast.

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The Titanic received at least four warnings of icebergs in the area.

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Why did she ignore them?

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The fourth and most dramatic warning came about dinnertime.

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This was of icebergs and growler ice right in the path that she was taken.

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Now there's a lot of doubt whether this ever got to the bridge.

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At the time the Titanic's radio officer was sending personal messages to the shore from

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the passengers expecting to get ashore the following day, etc.

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And probably this message, this vital message never got to the bridge.

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Everyone thought the Titanic was unsingable.

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Why then did she sing?

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No marine architect would say such a ship is unsinkable.

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However, by the standards of design at the time it was the best design ship in terms

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of compartmentation and floatability.

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Knowing there was ice in the area, why did captain Smith not slow down or even stop like

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other liners in the area?

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Quite simply because it was the custom of the white star and most of the other crack transatlantic

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liners to get their passengers to the other side without stopping if they could avoid

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it.

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They did so because they knew that with a good lookout they could see icebergs and unless

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the visibility was bad they didn't stop so the Titanic didn't stop and it is only with

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hindsight that you might ask why did she not stop or slow down.

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How carefully did the crew look for icebergs?

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Can they be charged with carelessness or negligence?

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In those days there was no such thing as radar.

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The only procedure was extra lookouts for example.

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In the forward lookout two lookout men were set.

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All precautions that could be taken apart from stopping the ship were in fact taken.

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The lights on the forward air could dim so they wouldn't dazzle the lookouts.

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The lookouts were worn to look out for ice.

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Every witness agrees that with enough lifeboats every single person on the Titanic could have

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been saved.

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Why then were there so few lifeboats?

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The Board of Trade which governed the life saving accommodation on British ships in those

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days believed that if she had enough watertight compartments they needn't have enough lifeboats

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and needn't have more lifeboats than a certain minimum number.

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So was no one to blame.

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With 1,503 people drowned the inquiry had to come up with an explanation.

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The judgment was that a nearby ship, the Californian, had failed to come to the rescue quickly enough.

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Her captain Stanley Lord was censured.

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But ever since there has been a fight to clear his name.

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Mystery still surrounds the part that the Californian played.

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Her radio operator it is said was asleep at the time.

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Her logbook shows she was stationary among the icebergs.

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Captain Lord was inexperienced in such conditions.

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But could she have seen the distress signals from the Titanic and failed to answer them?

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This was the crime for which Captain Lord was pronounced guilty.

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As the survivors bobbed about in their lifeboats waiting to be rescued undoubtedly a ship of

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some sort approached.

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I saw a ship which seemed to me to be quite close by close enough to see all her ports

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and the lights on her deck and definitely not moving.

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And it seemed so close and I can remember crying for a long time saying why doesn't that ship come to us?

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It wasn't big compared with the Titanic because she was very big.

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But certainly it was a ship and the outline of the ship and all the lights on it.

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Not just some lights on the horizon.

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But was this ship the Californian?

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Peter Padfield having examined the evidence from both the British and American inquiries

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into the disaster thinks Captain Lord was made a scapegoat.

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To my mind the evidence is conclusive it could not have been Captain Lord because when the Titanic sank

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none of the lookouts or the officers on the watch of the Titanic could see any ships in the vicinity.

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Subsequently while they were getting the boats down a ship did appear.

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Came towards the Titanic until she was as close as five miles and you could see her side lights.

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And then she turned and went away again.

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The evidence is conclusive that the Californian was stopped during the whole night

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and therefore that single fact apart from many others convinces me that it couldn't possibly have been

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the captain of the Californian.

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The dispute is basically about the relative position of the two ships.

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According to the inquiry the Californian was no more than five miles away

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and should easily have seen the distress signals.

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But in the confusion that followed the collision with the iceberg

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did the Titanic's signals officer make a mistake?

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He worked out a position by dead reckoning based on a star sighting six hours before.

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He did not allow for drift.

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The currents in that part of the North Atlantic are powerful.

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Allowing for drift it's possible that the Titanic and the Californian would have been separated by at least 20 miles

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and the distress signals impossible to see.

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The matter could be settled once and for all if a search expedition could pinpoint the actual position of the Titanic.

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So far this has not happened as the chief scientist of the 1981 vessel admitted.

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The one interesting thing is where the Titanic... this is where the Titanic hit the iceberg, okay?

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The current was drifting in this direction and here is where they picked up the survivors hours later.

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You can see we have quite a few anomalies in that particular area.

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The scientists can't tell for sure if it's a man-made object or geological.

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There is considerable doubt about whether the Titanic is still intact.

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Charles Haas of the Titanic Historical Society explains the possibilities.

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Many survivors accounts report that there was a loud roaring rumbling noise as if everything in the ship had broken loose

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and had crashed down to the bow.

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In fact this was probably the ship's boilers.

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There were 29 of them and each one weighed 90 tons.

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Plus the ship's engines weighing hundreds of tons.

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And all of this tremendous weight plummeted down towards the bow, crashing and smashing its way through everything

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until it probably exited right through the bow of the ship.

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Once the ship achieved an equilibrium, it then settled back slightly and plunged downward underwater.

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Now there are two theories as to what became of the ship.

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The first was that she continued in a nose-down position until she finally hit the bottom,

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striking somewhere at a speed of 30 to 50 miles an hour.

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The other theory said that the Titanic sank like a leaf.

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In that she moved back and forth through the water and suffered less damage when she finally hit the bottom.

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It is on record that a number of passengers cancelled their reservations, seemingly foreseeing disaster.

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It was an extraordinary coincidence that she should sink on her maiden voyage

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and that she should strike an iceberg below the waterline in the only way that made her vulnerable.

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Eva Hart's story of her mother's premonition of disaster is just one of many similar tales.

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My father made up his mind to cut his losses here and to go to Canada.

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Well, he booked a first-class passage for us in the ship called Philadelphia.

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Now from the very moment that this had been decided, my mother had an extraordinary premonition.

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Something she'd never had in her life before, never had again.

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Then came the day when I heard my father say to her very cross-reel,

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I wouldn't mind quite so much if you told me what it is you're so frightened of.

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She said, I couldn't tell you, I don't know.

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But I know it's a fatal thing for us to do, we just mustn't go.

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And then came the news that we couldn't sail in the Philadelphia because there was a dock strike

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and I really think my mother thought that was more or less a reprieve for not my father.

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And one day to his immense joy we were told if we paid some extra money

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we could go second class in the Titanic, largest ship in the world.

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And then and only then did my mother say, well now I know why I'm frightened.

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And he said, why are you frightened?

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And she said, because they say this ship is unsinkable and that is flying in the face of God.

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Never get them.

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And she was so right.

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And never again in her life did she have premonition.

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But to that premonition I owe my life.

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Because my mother never went to bed in that ship.

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She slept in the daytime and sat up at night.

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The story of the Titanic is one that raises more questions than it answers.

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Where exactly was she lost?

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Will we ever find out?

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What was the mystery ship that sailed so close to her in the night?

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A radio operator asleep.

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An ice warning that never reached the bridge.

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A collision that struck where the Titanic was most vulnerable.

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Could this set of circumstances be entirely accident?

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As a result of the Titanic tragedy, the United States Coast Guard runs an international ice patrol.

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And all transatlantic liners use a more southerly route.

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Perhaps it's a small consolation for the relatives of the 1,503 people who died on that cold April night.

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Coming up next, in search of continues with a probe into the claim that the sinking of the Lusitania

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was part of a plot to engage the U.S. in World War I.

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Then 20th century with Mike Wallace reports on child abuse scandals.

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And later tonight, Haydn's head and Liberace's piano turn up along with Charlie Chaplin's shoes

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on History's Lost and Found, at 8 here on the History Channel, where the past comes alive.